By
Beth Allen, Ph.D. student
Lately, we have been researching and developing techniques
of analyzing continuous water quality and hydrology data in order to explain
hydrological and biogeochemical processes controlling stream chemistry in
watersheds. One of the techniques in
which we have applied to an entire year of water quality and hydrology data is
a method that assesses how relatively reactive nutrient/sediment loading is to
flow and the relative flashiness of a watershed.
This method, referred to as load and flow duration curves, determines the percentages of the total load (Mk%) and
discharge (Vk%) that occur in a percentage of the total sampling time, termed
probability of occurrence. Mk% and Vk% duration curves can be plotted as a function of the probability of occurrence, which
provides an interesting way of demonstrating how loading relates to flow and varies
among water quality constituents. This
method can also be applied to individual storm events to assess if there is a first flush response. We processed all data using R code and
provide a sample dataset and code such that all of you may give this method a try!
Calculating and Plotting Flow Duration Curves
First, instantaneous flow rates in the dataset are ranked in
descending order.
The cumulative discharge is then calculated by integrating
the area under the Q Sorted curve at each data point.
The cumulative discharge calculated at each instantaneous
flow rate can be calculated as a percentage of the total discharge yielding Vk%
values corresponding to the kth cumulative probability and the time elapsed at each point can be calculated as a percentage of
the total time. This works because even
though flow rates are rearranged, the same amount of data points exist within the
dataset with the same time increment occurring between each value. Vk% values
can then be plotted as a function of the percentage of the total time. This is what is referred to as Flow Duration Curves. This provides a way of demonstrating of how relatively flashy the watershed may be either relatively to other watersheds or to previous years.
The flashiness of a watershed refers to how rapidly flow is
altered as a result of storm events/varying conditions. More frequent spikes in flow in response to
precipitation events, in which flow increases and decreases more greatly and
rapidly, are typically indicative of watersheds with predominant portions of streamflow
being influenced by surface runoff, a quicker responding contributor of water
to streamflow.
This method allows us to see the percentage of the total
discharge that occurs in a fraction of the total time with the lowest
probabilities of occurrence corresponding with the highest flow rates
associated with event flow. Therefore,
if one watershed produces a majority of the total discharge in 50% of the time
versus a watershed that produces a majority of the total discharge in 80% of
the time, that watershed may be considered relatively flashier because a greater portion of
the total discharge occurs in association with higher flow rates. In other words, streamflow would be considered
more reactive to event water because the event hydrograph rises and recedes
more quickly than the other watershed.
This quick rise and recession allows for most flow to occur in a smaller
percentage of the time versus the watershed that has a much wider event hydrograph
spanning across a greater range of instantaneous flow values over a greater
period of time. Visually, this method can provide a relative comparison of the
flashiness of multiple watersheds. In
the example above, the shape of the curve in the first watershed would have a
greater slope towards the lower percentages/probabilities of occurrence and the
curve for the second watershed would be somewhat flatter.
Calculating and Plotting Load Duration Curves
This part is similar to calculating Vk% except instantaneous
flux is calculated (instantaneous flow rate * instantaneous concentration) and
ranked in descending order instead.
The cumulative load is then calculated by integrating the
area under the QCsort curve at each data point.
Once again, the cumulative load calculated at each
instantaneous flux value can be calculated as a percentage of the total load
yielding Mk% values and the time elapsed at each point can be calculated as a
percentage of the total time. Mk% and
Vk% values can be plotted as functions of the probability of occurrence and multiple
Mk% curves for various water quality components can be plotted simultaneously
for comparison of loading as a function of probability of occurrence. For example,
50% of the nitrate load may be exported in 25% of the time whereas 50% of the
ammonium load may be exported in only 5% of the time. The interaction of flow and concentrations
could be examined further to explain differences among loading and flashiness
of concentrations with event flow.
With the above plot, we see that large changes in Mk% and
Vk% occur near the lower probabilities of occurrence. This demonstrates how crucial continuous water quality data is to understanding loading in watersheds because a large portion of the load can occur within a very small portion of time. We also see that it becomes slightly
difficult to examine differences in the curves towards both ends of the
x-axis. Therefore, it is helpful to use
the qnorm function in R to zoom in on the very low and high probabilities of
occurrence, or on the tails of the normal distribution curve. Check out the plot below and try the code
yourselves! Thanks for reading!
R Code link to produce the last two graphs
